Algorithmic Governance And Administrative Accountability: A Critical Analysis Of Ai-Driven Public Decision-Making

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into public administration has ushered in a new paradigm of governance, often termed “algorithmic governance.” Governments across the globe are increasingly deploying AI systems to enhance efficiency, predict outcomes, and streamline decision-making processes in areas such as welfare distribution, policing, taxation, and public health. While these systems promise improved administrative performance, they simultaneously raise significant concerns regarding transparency, accountability, bias, and the erosion of procedural fairness. This paper critically examines the implications of AI-driven decision-making on traditional frameworks of administrative accountability. It explores how algorithmic systems challenge established principles such as reasoned decision-making, natural justice, and public oversight. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology, drawing upon global practices and the Indian governance context, including initiatives under Digital India. The paper argues that algorithmic governance, if left unregulated, risks creating a “black box administration” where decision-making processes are opaque and difficult to contest. It further evaluates existing accountability mechanisms and identifies gaps in legal and institutional frameworks. Finally, the paper proposes reforms including algorithmic transparency, ethical AI frameworks, audit mechanisms, and strengthened regulatory oversight to ensure that technological innovation aligns with democratic values and constitutional principles.