Geopolitical Rivalry Between Saudi Arabia And Iran: Implications For Gulf Stability

Abstract

The geopolitical rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran represents one of the most enduring and complex power
struggles in the Middle East, significantly influencing the political, economic, and security architecture of the
Gulf region. Rooted in ideological divergence, sectarian identities, and competing national interests, this rivalry
has evolved into a multidimensional contest involving proxy conflicts, energy geopolitics, and global strategic
alignments. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution, international policies, and
regional implications of Saudi–Iran relations. It further examines the impact of this rivalry on Gulf stability
through the lenses of political economy, oil geopolitics, and emerging technological influences. Drawing upon
both classical and contemporary literature, the paper highlights the transition from direct confrontation to
strategic competition and diplomatic recalibration. The findings suggest that although recent rapprochement
efforts indicate a shift toward de-escalation, deep-rooted structural tensions and competing strategic interests
continue to pose significant challenges to long-term stability in the Gulf region.